Carved into the sculpted marble statues that line the walkways of the Supreme Court Building in Washington, DC are statues of eight great justices who have served on this court over the course of its 200-year history. The only female justice among them is Sandra Day O’Connor. The United States Supreme Court has had many women serving in lower courts for many years, but it wasn’t until 1981 when President Ronald Reagan appointed Sandra Day O’Connor to find a woman on his list of potential nominees to replace outgoing Justice Potter Stewart. He was an advocate for gender equality and believed that bringing more women into government would help lead to a more equitable society. In a recent article about the Supreme Court, "The New York Times" quoted O'Connor as saying, "I don't think there is a single woman in America who doesn't experience discrimination. I feel that if you are qualified for the job, you should be able to get it." However, as O'Connor noted in her opening remarks before the Senate Judicial Confirmation Committee, which was chaired by Senator Arlen Specter at the time of her appointment, women have not been able to move up without being perceived as lacking leadership skills or being too aggressive. Others have also described women's inability to climb the judicial ladder as a remaining barrier to achievement and power for women in politics and business. O'Connor's mother, Mildred Ella, was a teacher and homemaker. She also helped with her father Ted for his business selling barbed wire and farm equipment. O'Connor described him as a very compassionate man who never said “no” if he could help someone out. O'Connor's father always encouraged her to go to college and provided private classes for her during the summer before college so she could get ahead. When O'Connor was in the eighth grade, Ted died of cancer and she started helping her mother and became the principal earner for the family. She attended Stanford University where she graduated with a degree in political science in 1952 with honors. She then went on to get a master's degree from the University of Chicago Law School in 1954. O'Connor married Paul Herbert O'Connor on December 25, 1951. They had five children: Paul, Patricia, Frederica, Ruth Anne and Thomas. O'Connor was a stay at home mother while her husband worked in defense industries and she was involved with many community organizations including the League of Women Voters and the YWCA. She served as a trustee for both organizations along with being a board member of both the city of Palo Alto and University of California at Santa Cruz. O’Connor is often recognized for her commitment to improving women’s rights. She is the author of "Bioethics: The Constitution in Our Midst" and U.S. Court of Appeals Judge Abner J. Mikva called her "the conscience of the Supreme Court." Over the course of her career, O’Connor has written extensively about women’s rights issues including abortion, feminism and equal pay. It was even revealed that she was instrumental in getting Congress to pass reauthorization for Title IX in 1972 which allowed college athletes to receive minimum fair treatment.
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